Hamilton Coolidge World War I Collection
The collection also contains some photographs, a plane manual, and awards and certificates granted to Captain Coolidge. Though a published volume of his correspondence is included with this collection, only one telegram (from the Coolidge family) and one letter (from Douglas Campbell) can be found in this collection. The location of the remainder of Coolidge's correspondence, if it still exists, is unknown.
Please note that some of the items in Folder 14 contain graphic images of wartime casualties.
Dates
- circa 1917-1925
Language of Materials
Conditions Governing Access
Conditions Governing Use
Extent
0.5 Cubic Feet (1 full width legal size document box and 2 oversize folders)
Abstract
Biographical Note
When it started to look increasingly likely that the United States would be entering World War I, Quentin Roosevelt and Coolidge, along with their friend Douglas Campbell, all dropped out of Harvard and applied to join the Army. Coolidge officially entered United States service in March of 1917 at Key West, Florida, where he enlisted in the Aviation Section of the U.S. Signal Corps. Once the United States officially entered World War I, Coolidge was sent to ground school at the School of Military Aeronautics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and graduated on June 5, 1917.
The Aviation Section of the U.S. Signal Corps (which eventually became the U.S. Air Force) was full of young men from wealthy families looking for a bit of adventure, so Coolidge and Quentin Roosevelt were not alone in their persistence to join the war effort. The so-called "Millionaire's Unit" that flew for the United States Navy in World War I was a similar outfit, though the men in it were from Yale instead of Harvard.
Coolidge embarked for France on July 23, 1917 and was initially stationed at the American Expeditionary Force Headquarters in Paris, France. He received his commission as a 1st Lieutenant on September 29, 1917 and was sent to the 3rd Aviation Instruction Center in Issoudun, France. He served as a squadron commander and then transitioned into a role as a test pilot, flying 8 to 10 times a day.
Coolidge made it to the front when he was assigned to the 94th Aero Squadron on June 16, 1918. The Squadron was nicknamed "The Hat in the Ring Gang" to commemorate the United States entering World War I and "throwing its hat in the ring." Their insignia consisted of Uncle Sam's red, white and blue top hat going through a red ring. The pilots in the squadron became some of the most decorated flyers of the war, with six pilots earning the Distinguished Service Cross and five men earning Ace status. As a group, the pilots downed 70 enemy aircraft during the war.
Coolidge participated in many missions while stationed in Toul, France with the 94th and was promoted to Captain on October 3, 1918. On October 27, he was killed in action when his SPAD XIII (S.13) took a direct hit from an anti-aircraft shell near Grandpré, France. Fellow pilot Eddie Rickenbacker and a priest rode out to the spot, which was just a few yards inside their lines. They were able to recover the body and give it a proper burial. Rickenbacker made note of the ordeal in his memoirs:
Early next morning I secured a Staff car and proceeded up to the front to find the spot where lay the last remains of my dear friend. We reached Montfaucon and turned northwest around the edge of the Argonne Forest, passing on the way the wreckage of my red-nosed Fokker just outside the town of Exermont. Arrived to within a mile of our front line, sheltered all along the road by hanging curtains of burlap and moss, part of which had been left by the Huns and partly our own concoction of camouflage, we were halted by an officer who told me we could move no further without coming under shell fire from the enemy guns.
Abandoning the car at the roadside, we skirted the edge of woods that adjoined the road and made our way on foot to the flat lands just across the Aire River from the opposite town of Grand Pre. And here in the bend of the Aire, almost in full sight of the enemy, we came upon the body of Captain Coolidge. A lieutenant in infantry who had seen the whole spectacle and had marked down the spot where Ham's body had fallen, accompanied us and it was through his very kind offices that we reached the exact spot without much searching. The Chaplain of his regiment likewise accompanied us. And there, not sixty yards behind our front lines, we watched the men dig a grave. The Chaplain administered the last sad rites. Amid the continuous whines of passing shells we laid the poor mangled body of Captain Hamilton Coolidge in its last resting place. Over the grave was placed a Cross suitably engraved with his name, rank and the date of his tragic death. A wreath of flowers was laid at the foot of the cross. Then with uncovered head I took a photograph of the grave, which later was sent "back home" to the family who mourned for one of the most gallant gentlemen who ever fought in France (From pages 342-343 of Fighting the Flying Circus by Edward V. Rickenbacker, Stokes Company, 1919).
Coolidge was posthumously awarded the Distinguished Service Cross, the Croix de Guerre with Palms, a citation from General John J. Pershing, and his bachelor's degree from Harvard (Class of 1919). He achieved Ace status and is officially credited with eight kills.
He was survived by his parents and seven siblings, and the family did much after the war to commemorate the man they had lost. Coolidge's mother published a book of his wartime correspondence in 1919 and was on the publication committee for another book about World War I airmen from New England. His grave is still in the field outside of Chevrières; one of his brothers renovated the site in 1984 and the monument is still maintained by the Mayor of Chevrières. Records do not indicate which brother conducted the restoration, though it was likely Oliver or Roger. The Coolidge family was as follows:
Parents:
Joseph Randolph Coolidge, Jr. (birth and death dates unknown)
Mary Hamilton (Hill) Coolidge (1862-1952)
Siblings:
Joseph Randolph Coolidge III (1887-1936)
Julia Coolidge (1889-1961)
Mary Eliza Coolidge (1890-1935)
John Gardner Coolidge (1897-1984)
Eleonora Randolph Coolidge (1899-1984)
Oliver Hill Coolidge (1900-1992)
Roger Sherman Coolidge (1904-1995)
Further reading:
New England Aviators, 1914-1918. Volume 1. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1919.
Coolidge, Hamilton. Letters of an American Airman, Being the War Record of Captain Hamilton Coolidge, USA 1917-1918. Boston: Privately Printed, 1919.
Frey, Royal D. "A.E.F. Combat Airfields and Monuments in France, WWI." Journal of the American Aviation Historical Society 17.3 (Fall 1972): 194-200. Print.
"ISOB Coolidge." American War Memorials Overseas. American War Memorials Overseas, Inc., 2008. Web. 15 October 2014. http://www.uswarmemorials.org/html/monument_details.php?SiteID=5
Location
Custodial History
Accruals
Existence and Location of Copies
Separated Materials
- Letters of an American Airman: Being the War Records of Capt. Hamilton Coolidge, USA. 1917-1918. Boston: Privately Printed, 1919. Please contact the Librarian for more details.
- Signal Book, 1914.United States Army
The following items have been separated from the archival component of this collection and are kept in Objects storage:
- Army Officer pin
The objects listed below are currently on display in the World War I Gallery of the Personal Courage Wing:
- American Expeditionary Force black wings patch
- United States Air Service dog tag
- World War I era bronze ring (German)
- World War I era Iron Cross (German)
- Piece of aircraft, with bullet holes
- Distinguished Service Cross
- Croix de Guerre with Palms
- Section of fabric from Hamilton Coolidge's SPAD XIII (S.13)
- Air pilots, Military
- Airplanes, Military
- Albatros C.III (L10)
- Armed Forces -- Officers
- Campbell, Douglas, 1896-1990
- Coolidge, Hamilton, 1895-1918
- Croix de guerre (France)
- Curtiss JN-4D Jenny
- Distinguished Service Cross (U.S.)
- Dorand Type A.R.1 D2
- Fighter pilots
- France
- Military education
- Military training camps
- Morane-Saulnier Type AI Family
- Nieuport 27
- Nieuport 28 C1
- Rickenbacker, Eddie, 1890-1973
- Roosevelt, Quentin, 1897-1918
- SPAD XIII (S.13)
- Salmson 2 A2
- Soldiers
- United States. Army. Air Service. Aero Squadron, 94th
- United States. Army. American Expeditionary Forces
- War casualties
- World War, 1914-1918
- certificates
- clippings (information artifacts)
- correspondence
- de Havilland (Airco) D.H.4
- identity cards
- manuals (instructional materials)
- military records
- orders (military records)
- photographic prints
- Title
- Guide to the Hamilton Coolidge World War I Collection
- Status
- Completed - Level 4
- Author
- L. Zaborowski and A. Demeter
- Date
- 2017
- Description rules
- dacs
- Language of description
- English
- Sponsor
- Processing, cataloging and digitization of this collection was made possible by a Council on Libraries and Information Resources (CLIR) "Digitizing Hidden Special Collections and Archives" grant.
- Edition statement
- 3rd Edition
Revision Statements
- November 2018: Finding aid migrated to ArchivesSpace.
- September 2020: Updated related agents.
Repository Details
Part of the The Museum of Flight Archives Repository
9404 East Marginal Way South
Seattle Washington 98108-4097
206-764-7874
curator@museumofflight.org